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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS. 

Agricultural   Experiment  Station. 

URBANA,  AUGUST,  1894. 


BULLETIN    NO    36. 


CONTENTS. 

STOCK  FEEDING  IN  ILLINOIS. 
INDEX  TO  BULLETINS,  No.  17-36. 


STOCK  FEEDING  IN  ILLINOIS. 

Illinois  has  long  been  one  of  the  chief  stock  breeding  and  feeding 
states  of  the  Union.  The  condition  of  the  cattle  breeding  and  feeding 
industry  of  the  state  has  been  unsatisfactory  for  nearly  a  decade  of 
years.  Prices  for  both  pure  bred  and  fat  cattle  have  greatly  declined, 
and  while  they  have  temporarily  advanced  at  times,  the  range  of  prices 
for  several  years  past,  has  been  such  as  to  give  little  or  no  profit  to 
breeders  and  feeders  as  a  class.  During  this  time  there  has  been  a  not- 
able advance  in  the  price  of  farm  land  over  much  of  the  state,  with  a  corre- 
sponding increase  in  its  rental  value.  While  there  has  been  increased  at- 
tention to  the  dairy  interests  of  the  state,  there  has  been  a  large  decline 
in  the  beef  cattle  breeding  and  feeding.  The  number  of  herds  of  pure 
bred  beef  cattle  in  the  state  has  decreased,  as  has  the  number  of  cows 
kept  for  rearing  cattle  for  fattening.  Especially  in  the  great  feeding 
regions  of  central  Illinois,  large  areas  of  fine  pasture  lands  have  been 
plowed  up  and  devoted  to  grain  growing. 

The  conditions  surrounding  hog  breeding  and  feeding  have  been 
more  favorable.  There  have  been  marked  fluctuations  in  price,  but  as  a 
whole,  a  fair  margin  of  proof  has  been  secured  by  careful  breeders  and 
feeders.  The  present  interest  in  both  branches  of  the  business,  is  per- 
haps as  great  as  at  any  former  time. 

Sheep  breeding,  during  several  recent  years,  was  perhaps  the  most 
profitable  branch  of  animal  industry  for  many  Illinois  farmers.  In- 

421 


422  BULLETIN    NO.    36.  [ 

creasing  numbers  of  sheep  were  brought  from  ranches  arid  ranges  of  the 
further  west  for  feeding  in  the  state.  Within  the  last  two  years,  how- 
ever, there  has  been  a  great  decline  in  prices  of  sheep  and  wool  of  all 
grades,  and  there  is  much  discouragement  among  both  breeders  and 
feeders. 

The  widely  extended  and  unusually  severe  drought  of  the  present 
summer  will  have  on  all  branches  of  the  live  stock  industry,  far  reach- 
ing effects,  some  of  which  it  is  impossible  to  predict.  The  lessened  ag- 
gregate yields  of  almost  all  the  stock  food  crops  of  the  country,  almost 
certainly  insures  fairly  high  prices  for  these  for  the  present  season,  and 
probably  for  another  year,  so  far  as  corn  at  least  is  concerned.  Wheat 
is  a  marked  exception  in  price  to  the  other  grain  crops.  There  seems 
little  reason  to  anticipate  any  considerable  increase  in  price  for  this  grain 
in  the  near  future,  and  already  there  is  large  use  of  wheat  as  a  food  for 
farm  animals.  The  lessened  supply  and  higher  price  of  food  in  several 
of  the  great  stock  states  of  the  west  will  tend  to  increase  the  number  of 
cattle,  hogs,  and  sheep  forwarded  to  the  market,  or  for  feeding  in  Illinois. 
It  is  probable  that  the  effect  may  be  favorable  to  Illinois  breeders  and 
feeders  for  a  few  years  to  come. 

Especially  in  cattle  and  sheep  feeding  it  is  obvious  that  only  the 
wisest  economy  can  give  a  satisfactory  profit  to  the  Illinois  feeders. 
lEconomy  of  production  is  vastly  more  important  than  possibilities  of 
production.  An  attempt  may  be  made  to  secure  the  lessened  cost  of 
production,  by  a  reduction  of  the  quantity  or  cost  of  the  food,  land,  or 
labor  used. 

PRACTICE    OF    ILLINOIS    STOCK    FEEDERS. 

A  record  of  the  practice  of  experienced  and  intelligent  farmers  is 
invaluable  in  any  discussion  of  best  methods  of  stock  feeding.  To  secure 
such  a  record  of  practice  in  Illinois  250  circular  letters,  containing  a 
series  of  questions  concerning  opinions  and  practice  in  feeding  cattle, 
hogs,  and  sheep,  were  sent  to  as  many  farmers  in  the  state.  The  list  of 
names  was  made  up  by  the  assistance  of  members  of  the  Board  of 
Direction  of  this  Station,  and  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 
Answers  were  received  from  108  men,  well  representing  the  different 
classes  of  stockmen  of  the  state.  A  few  are  well  known  breeders  of 
pure  bred  stock;  some  fatten  large  numbers,  others  but  few  animals; 
some  rear  all  their  feeding  stock,  others  buy  all  or  a  part.  Nearly  all 
parts  of  the  state,  except  the  extreme  south,  are  represented.  It  is  be- 
lieved very  few,  if  any,  of  those  who  sent  answers  represent  any  unusual 
conditions  or  practice,  except  in  minor  particulars. 

Of  the  108  reporting,  86  feed  cattle,  102  hogs,  and  44  sheep.  Thirty- 
four  report  concerning  all  three  classes  of  stock;  49  concerning  cattle 
and  hogs;  13  on  hogs  alone;  three  on  sheep  alone.  These  figures  well 
illustrate  the  facts  that  hog  feeding  almost  invariably  accompanies  cattle 


1894-]  STOCK    FEEDING    IN     ILLINOIS.  423 

feeding  in  Illinois,  and  that  sheep  are  kept  by  only  a  minority  of  Illinois 
farmers.  Only  about  one-third  of  the  replies  contained  reports  on  sheep; 
several  reports  stating  that  the  writers  had  never  owned  a  sheep. 

Much  most  valuable  information  was  obtained  from  the  replies  to 
the  questions  sent  out;  but  it  is  difficult  to  tabulate  this  information  as 
some  of  the  questions  were  somewhat  general,  and  not  all  were  answered 
directly. 

CATTLE  FEEDING. 

Of  the  cattle  feeders  62  name  Shorthorns  as  the  breed  preferred  or 
handled;  seven  name  Herefords,  six  Angus,  and  one  Galloway,  as  first 
choice.  In  a  majority  of  cases  it  is  evident  that  pure  bred  cattle  are  not 
referred  to.  In  a  good  number  of  cases,  where  a  preference  is  men- 
tioned, it  is  coupled  with  statement  showing  that  other  classes  are 
handled  from  necessity.  Several  reports  mention  "  Durhams  "  instead 
of  the  more  usual  name  Shorthorn.  A  few  dairy  farmers  reported  on 
hog  feeding,  but  their  answers  concerning  cattle  are  not  included. 

Of  77  feeders  answering  the  question,  22  rear  the  cattle  they  feed, 
27  buy  them,  and  28  do  both. 

Of  72  feeders,  26  believe  grain  feeding  to  young  steers  on  good 
pasture  is  profitable.  Several  limit  their  approval  of  the  practice  to 
cases  where  it  is  expected  to  sell  the  steers  within  a  few  months. 

Of  83  feeders,  23  make  no  provision  for  extra  food  for  grazing 
cattle  in  case  of  drouth,  aside  from  aiming  not  fully  to  stock  the  pastures; 
22  reserve  a  special  pasture,  and  38  feed  grain  or  hay — usually  green 
corn. 

There  is  a  wide  divergence  of  opinion  as  to  age  of  steers  preferred 
for  full  grain  feeding.  Of  80  feeders  answering,  six  name  under  two 
years,  1 1  two  years,  nine  between  two  and  three  years,  36  three  years, 
10  between  three  and  four  years,  six  four  years,  and  two  give  five  years 
as  maximum  age.  Obviously,  making  <cbaby  beef"  has  not  become 
a  common  practice  in  Illinois,  while  it  is  equally  obvious  that  feeding 
cattle  of  four  years  or  greater  age  is  much  less  common  than  was  the 
case  some  years  ago. 

There  is  also  wide  difference  in  practice  as  to  time  when  full  feeding 
is  begun.  Four  feeders  advise  continous  full  feeding  from  birth  of  the 
calf.  The  practice  of  others  is  influenced  by  the  fact  that  they  buy  the 
cattle  they  feed.  Each  of  the  four  seasons  and  almost  every  month  of 
the  year  are  specified  by  different  feeders.  The  fall  months  seem  most 
in  favor;  next  the  winter  or  very  early  spring. 

In  response  to  the  question  "  How  long  is  it  profitable  to  continue 
full  feeding  ? "  the  answers  are  somewhat  indefinite.  Several  feeders 
reply,  "  'till  the  cattle  are  fat "  ;  others  that  the  state  of  the  market 
determines  time  of  sale;  45  say  from  three  to  six  months,  five,  three 
months  or  less,  and  six  over  six  months,  one  of  these  giving  twelve 
months  as  maximum. 


424  BULLETIN    NO.    36.  [August, 

Corn  is  the  great  food  used  in  fattening  cattle,  aside  from  grass  and 
clover.  Seventy-eight  feeders  specify  corn,  21  of  these  naming  shock 
corn;  five  name  oats,  four  oil  meal  or  cake,  and  one  glucose  meal. 
Twenty  name  hay,  most  frequently  clover  hay,  and  a  very  few  name 
straw. 

As  to  methods  of  preparation,  six  feeders  mention  grinding  corn, 
25  either  break,  chop,  split,  or  crush  the  ears,  and  nine  use  shelled  corn. 

As  to  frequency  of  feeding,  nine  feeders  name  once,  48  twice,  four 
three  times,  and  one,  five  times  a  day. 

Fifty-five  feeders  pronounce  stable  or  stall  feeding  unprofitable, 
while  eleven  think  the  practice  profitable.  Fifty-two  name  sheds,  four 
barns,  and  ten  straw  stack,  hedges,  or  timber  as  shelter  given  their 
cattle. 

Four  feeders  only  state  that  they  have  used  ensilage,  and  one  of 
these  says,  "  very  little."  Of  those  who  refer  to  time  of  cutting  corn 
for  fodder  most  prefer  cutting  at  a  rather  early  stage  of  maturity. 

Ten  feeders  indicate  that  bran,  middlings,  oil  meal,  etc.,  are  used 
by.  them;  42  state  that  they  do  not  use  them,  or  to  a  very  limmited 
extent.  The  form  of  the  question  makes  it  probable  that  those  who 
made  no  reply  do  not  use  these  foods  for  fattening  cattle. 

Fifty-five  feeders  practice  dehorning,  many  of  them  indicating  their 
belief  in  the  decided  value  of  the  practice;  19  do  not  practice  dehorning 
and  some  of  these  are  strongly  opposed  to  the  practice.  Presumably, 
those  not  answering  do  not  dehorn  their  cattle. 

Feeders  generally  attach  high  value  to  the  droppings  of  the  cattle 
as  food  for  hogs.  Several  state  that  without  the  use  of  this  there  is  no 
profit  in  feeding.  One  thinks  there  is  little  value  in  the  droppings 
where  ground  feed  is  used  for  the  cattle.  Nine  feeders  estimate  the 
value  of  this  offal  at  50  per  cent  of  the  value  of  the  corn  fed ;  five  at  33 
per  cent,  and  nine  at  20  to  35  percent.  One  places  the  value  at  eight  to 
ten  cents  per  bushel  of  corn  fed ;  one  at  three  or  four  Ib.  pork  per  bushel 
fed;  one  at  30  to  40  Ib.  pork  per  month.  The  number  of  hogs  allowed 
to  follow  a  given  number  of  steers  varies,  generally  from  one  to  two  per 
steer,  depending  on  size  of  hogs,  rate  of  feeding  and  time  of  year.  In  a 
number  of  cases  the  brood  sows  with  their  litters  of  pigs  are  kept  with 
the  cattle  in  the  pastures. 

HOG    FEEDING. 

Hogs  are  bred  and  fed  on  most  Illinois  farms.  Of  the  108  farmers 
responding  to  the  circular  sent  out,  102  make  report  as  to  hogs,  although 
only  13  reported  on  hogs  alone. 

The  Poland  China  and  Berkshire  seem  to  be  sweepingly  preferred 
among  breeds — 78  naming  the  Poland  China  and  21  the  Berkshire  as 
breed  preferred.  Ten  of  the  latter  name  some  other  breeds  also.  Six 
prefer  the  Duroc  Jersey,  two  the  Chester  white,  one  the  Yorkshire,  and 
eight  specify  some  cross.  In  many  cases  grades  or  crosses  of  the  breed 


STOCK    FEEDING    IN    ILLINOIS.  425 

preferred  are  named  as  well  as  the  pure  bred  stock.  Only  three  prefer 
white  breeds. 

There  is  a  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  best  season  at  which  to 
have  pigs  farrowed,  but  the  majority  specify  April  or  May;  25  like 
March  pigs,  and  17  name  the  fall  months;  six  name  February. 

Concerning  no  question  were  more  diverse  answers  received  than 
that  asking  information  as  to  methods  of  feeding  and  managing  suck- 
ling pigs.  Twenty-nine  reports  state,  that  no  other  attention  is  given 
than  allowing  the  sows  to  run  on  pasture  or  follow  cattle.  Of  the 
others  some  feed  corn  in  various  forms,  some  oats,  wheat,  bran,  mid- 
dlings, oil  meal,  rye,  and  milk  in  various  combinations. 

Forty-one  feeders  believe  full  grain  feeding  of  pigs  is  desirable 
during  the  summer;  52  believe  this  is  not  desirable. 

As  to  pasturage  preferred,  51  name  clover  first  or  alone;  16,  clover 
and  blue  grass;  seven,  clover  and  timothy;  and  six,  clover  and  rye. 

Where  the  hogs  do  not  get  their  food  entirely  from  the  pastures 
and  the  droppings  of  the  cattle,  corn  is  the  almost  exclusive  food  for 
fattening  hogs,  and  this  is  generally  fed  in  the  ear.  Twenty-five  soak 
corn,  five  mention  grinding  it,  and  two  speak  of  cooking  food  for  fatten- 
ing hogs.  Thirty-eight  state  their  opinion  that  neither  grinding  soak- 
ing nor  cooking  corn  for  hogs  is  profitable.  Seventeen  report  having 
fed  wheat,  generally  with  good  satisfaction,  only  two  pronouncing  it 
unsatisfactory.  (These  answers  were  given  last  spring.) 

Thirteen  feeders  believe  fattening  hogs  are  not  better  for  exercise; 
eight  think  they  should  have  a  little  exercise;  most  allow  them  to  take 
exercise  somewhat  freely. 

Sixteen  feeders  prefer  selling  when  pigs  are  eight  months  old  or 
less — only  one  naming  a  less  age  than  six  months;  42  name  eight  to 
12  months,  and  nine  prefer  over  12  months,  24  being  maximum. 

Ten  feeders  prefer  selling  at  weight  of  200  Ib.  or  less,  i5olb.  being 
minimum;  15  at  from  200  to  250  Ib. ;  26  at  250  to  300  Ib. ;  and  14  at 
greater  weight  than  300  Ib.;  two  naming  500  Ib.  as  maximum. 

SHEEP    FEEDING. 

Of  the  44  farmers  reporting  their  experience  in  sheep  feeding,  18 
name  the  Shropshire,  seven  the  Southdown,  six  "Downs",  five  the 
Oxfordshire  Down,  one  the  Hampshire  Down,  four  the  Cotswold,  one 
the  Lincoln,  two  the  Merino,  and  five  different  cross  bred  sheep  as 
favorite  breed — in  some  cases  naming  more  than  one. 

As  to  time  at  which  it  is  preferred  to  have  lambs  dropped,  14  name 
February,  16  March,  and  22  April,  three  naming  January  and  a  like 
number  May,  and  one  December.  Evidently  raising  especially  early 
lambs  is  not  a  common  practice  in  Illinois. 

Thirty -two  feeders  say  they  feed  ewes  and  suckling  lambs  grain, 
naming  corn,  oats,  wheat  and  wheat  screenings,  and  bran.  Five  do  not 


426  BULLETIN    NO.    36. 

feed  grain  in  fattening  sheep,  23  feed  corn,  26  oats,  six  wheat  or  wheat 
screenings,  two  bran,  and  four  oil  meal  in  various  combinations.  Ten 
have  fed  wheat  at  some  time,  two  of  these  reporting  poor  results.  Seven 
report  their  belief  that  it  is  profitable  to  grind  grains  for  sheep. 

Twenty-four  keep  fattening  sheep  in  sheds,  seven  in  barns,  and 
one  reports  "timber"  as  the  shelter  given. 

Full  feeding  of  sheep  is  not  continued  so  long  as  with  either  cattle 
or  hogs.  Six  feeders  name  two  months  or  less ;  nine  three  months  and 
seven  three  or  four  months. 

NOTES  BY  FEEDERS. 

A  few  feeders  added  statements  in  addition  to  answering  the  ques- 
tions, or  made  such  statements  instead  of  answering  the  questions  as 
put.  Among  these  was  the  well  known  firm  of  Shorthorn  breeders 
and  cattle  feeders,  James  N.  Brown's  Sons,  of  Berlin,  Sangamon  Co., 
who  wrote: 

"....We  buy  our  cattle  for  fattening  and  of  as  good  grade  as  we  can  secure. 
We  mainly  fatten  them  on  blue  grass.  We  buy  them  in  the  fall;  carry  them  on  rich 
stalk  fields  until  February  or  March,  and  then  feed  them  with  corn  in  the  ear  on  blue 
grass  pastures,  generally  quitting  feeding  corn  May  loth.  We  market  them  in  August. 
We  do  not  handle  hogs  with  them.  We  would  not  handle  cattle  at  all,  if  we  did  not 
have  the  blue  grass  pastures,  as  prices  the  past  few  years  and  now,  would  not  pay  for 
fattening  them  on  corn.  Men  who  make  beef  on  corn  or  dry  feed,  cannot  make  money 
on  cattle  at  present  prices." 

J.  P.  Henderson,  Virden,  Ills.,  wrote: 

"  I  became  tired  of  the  cattle  business  some  four  years  since,  and  sold  off  almost 
everything  in  that  line,  only  keeping  a  few  thoroughbred  Herefords  for  fun,  and  one 
or  two  Jerseys  for  family  butter.  I  am  renting  out  my  old  pastures  for  corn,  where 
they  have  been  grazed  for  over  30  years.  I  have  watched  with  a  great  deal  of  inter- 
est, the  results  of  the  new  methods  of  feeding  and  caring  for  stock,  and  have  never 
been  able  to  figure  out  a  profit  in  them,  unless  indeed,  a  man  were  made  of  some  in- 
destructible material  and  could  do  all  the  work  himself.  The  world  is  all  trying  to  go 
too  fast — feeding  cattle  at  yearlings,  and  pigs  from  the  day  they  can  open  their  eyes. 
We  must  give  them  some  time  to  grow  and  make  a  frame  and  then  it  is  easy  to  put 
flesh  on  it.  The  stalk  must  grow  before  the  ear  is  formed." 

Benj.  Whitsitt,  Preemption,  wrote: 

' '  In  this  age  of  overproduction  and  low  prices,  if  the  feeder  expects  to  place 
anything  on  the  side  of  profit,  he  must  feed  a  limited  number  of  the  very  best  ani- 
mals and  give  them  the  best  of  care." 

James  A.  Perry,  Wilmington,  after  expressing  his  decided  prefer- 
ence for  Hereford  cattle,  wrote: 

"  I  no  not  think  it  profitable  to  feed  cattle  in  pasture,  if  there  is  plenty  of  good 
water.  For  many  years  I  have  found  it  very  profitable  to  put  in  a  good  piece  of 
sowed  corn  for  feeding  in  a  dry  time.  As  to  the  age  of  cattle  for  feeding,  I  find  it  all 
depends  on  the  make  up  of  the  cattle,  as  some  are  better  feeders  at  two  years  old  than 
are  some  at  four  years,  even  if  of  the  same  breed.  In  general  early  feeding  is  the 
most  profitable.  The  quicker  you  can  mature  an  animal  the  more  money  it  will  give 
you.  It  is  not  profitable  to  feed  after  your  cattle  are  ripe  and  ready  for  market.  I 
have  made  cattle  gain  five  and  one-half  pounds  per  day  for  60  days,  but  after  that 
not  nearly  that  average.  I  have  had  much  more  success  in  feeding  ground  feed  than 
I  have  ever  had  in  any  other  way,  and  I  have  tried  almost  every  way  and  have  come 


1894*]  STOCK    FEEDING    IN    ILLINOIS.  427 

to  the  conclusion,  that  to  grind  corn  and  cob  together,  rather  fine,  is  much  better 
than  to  feed  clear  meal.  I  have  never  had  so  good  results  as  when  I  have  fed  five 
times  per  day,  but  I  never  feed  so  the  cattle  leave  the  least  bit  in  their  feed  boxes. 
Cattle  will  not  eat  any  more  when  fed  five  times  a  day,  than  when  fed  all  they  will 
eat  at  three  times,  but  the  advantage  is  that  you  do  not  overload  their  stomachs  and 
therefore  the  food  is  more  easily  digested  and  they  fatten  faster  on  the  same  food.  I  have 
had  better  success  in  feeding  cattle  kept  in  their  stalls  than  in  any  other  way  of  keeping 
them.  I  am  a  great  advocate  of  feeding  bran  and  middlings,  and  think  they  are  near- 
ly, or  quite  as  good  as  the  same  weight  of  corn.  My  experience  in  feeding  oil  meal  is 
limited.  I  am  greatly  in  favor  of  dehorning  cattle,  as  you  can  feed  them  in  a  much 
smaller  space  and  they  will  do  much  better." 

Thomas  Clark,  Beecher,  a  very  successful  breeder  of  Hereford  cat- 
tle wrote  that  he  thinks  it  is  profitable  to  feed  young  steers  on  pasture 
if  they  are  to  be  turned  off  before  they  are  two  years  old  as  he  would 
prefer,  commencing  full  feeding  in  the  spring  when  they  are  yearlings, 
feeding  either  shelled  corn  or  ground  corn  and  oats,  twice  a  day.  He 
uses  a  little  oil  meal  for  young  stock.  He  does  not  think  stall  feeding 
profitable  for  a  bunch  of  steers,  preferring  an  open  shed  with  an  en- 
closed yard  for  winter. 

Among  the  few  who  use  oil  meal  for  fattening  cattle  to  any  con- 
siderable extent,  is  O.  W.  Hoit,  Geneseo,  who  wrote: 

"I  like  to  give  cattle  about  five  pounds  of  oil  meal  each  per  day.  I  have  fed  it 
on  pasture  without  corn  ten  pounds  per  day  and  made  well  by  it,  but  consider  $25  a 
ton  high  with  corn  at  30  cents  a  bushel." 

F.  O.  Lash,  Hendrix,  wrote: 

"I  believe  the  farm  should  be  made  to  produce  all  the  feed  needed  for  the  stock, 
with  the  exception  of  middlings,  bran,  and  oil  meal,  except  in  times  like  the  present 
when  wheat  is  cheaper  than  middlings;  but  experience  has  convinced  me  that  much 
more  attention  should  be  paid  to  the  cultivation  of  beets,  mangels,  etc." 

Thos.  N.  Thornburg,  postoffice  not  stated,  wrote  that  he  feeds  150 
to  200  cattle  a  year,  buying  them  of  all  the  beef  breeds.  He  has  cattle 
on  full  feed  all  the  year,  selling  when  the  market  suits,  usually  feeding 
from  five  to  seven  months,  according  to  the  flesh  when  he  commences. 
Sometimes  he  buys  half  fat  cattle.  He  believes  it  more  profitable  to 
handle  two  or  three  lots  of  cattle  per  year  than  only  one.  He  tries  to 
avoid  selling  in  the  fall  in  competition  with  the  rush  of  western  cattle, 
also  in  March  and  April. 

CONCLUSIONS  FROM   EXPERIMENTS. 

Experiments  in  feeding  cattle  and  hogs  have  been  continuously  in 
progress  at  this  Station  since  it  was  established.  Comparatively  few  of 
the  results  have  been  published  because  of  the  belief  that  in  an  unusual 
degree  the  value  of  the  results  of  such  experiments  increases,  not  only 
with  the  number  of  trials  made,  but  with  the  number  of  years  during 
which  the  experiments  are  continued,  and  that  the  publication  of  the  re- 
sults of  one  or  a  few  experiments  might  readily  lead  to  wrong  conclu- 
sions. There  are  many  disturbing  conditions  in  experiments  with  soils 


428  BULLETIN    NO.    36. 

and  plants,  but  the  number  of  such  conditions  is  still  greater  in  the  case 
of  animals.  The  peculiarities  of  different  animals,  and  the  variations 
in  seasons,  sometimes  in  the  quality  and  condition  of  foods  supposed  to 
be  practically  identical,  often  greatly  affect  results.  There  are  also 
great  practical  difficulties  in  determining  accurately  the  gain  in  weight, 
especially  in  cattle  feeding,  or  in  feeding  trials  for  short  periods,  or 
where  there  is  a  marked  change  in  the  character  of  the  food  given.  The 
marked  variations  in  the  weight  of  animals,  especially  cattle,  in  a  single 
day,  even  when  the  weighings  are  made  as  nearly  as  possible  under 
like  conditions  show  the  experimenter  that  the  apparent  results  may 
not  represent  the  true  gain  or  loss,  even  when  the  trial  has  been  con- 
tinued for  a  considerable  time. 

Without  attempting  to  give  details  of  experiments  tried,  some  con- 
clusions based  upon  the  study  of  them  while  in  progress,  and  since  their 
completion,  will  be  stated,  special  reference  being  had  to  conditions  in 
central  Illinois. 

It  is  almost  never  profitable  to  attempt  to  produce  the  greatest  pos- 
sible quantity  of  either  weight  or  fat  with  any  animal.  To  keep  either 
steer  or  hog  until  it  has  reached  its  largest  possible  size,  or  to  feed  either 
until  it  has  reached  the  practical  limit  of  increase  of  fat,  is  almost  cer- 
tainly unprofitable. 

Economy  of  prodution  will  be  best  secured  by  attempts  to  reduce 
to  a  reasonable  minimum  the  land  used,  the  cost  of  the  food,  and  of  the 
labor  employed,  rather  than  by  giving  attention  to  any  one  of  these 
points  alone.  Home  grown  foods  are  to  be  used  as  the  chief  reliance. 
The  by-products  of  oil  mills,  glucose,  starch  manufactories,  or  of  dis- 
tilleries may  often  be  employed  with  profit,  but  usually  only  as  supple- 
mental to  the  main  feeding  ration.  The  exceptions  to  this  rule  may  be 
found  in  the  case  of  farmers  who  can  procure  the  by-products  at  little 
cost  for  transportation.  Good  grass  and  clover  grazed  by  the  animal 
is  the  cheapest  food  for  the  production  of  either  beef  or  mutton.  Indian 
corn  at  customary  prices,  is  the  cheapest  grain  food  for  fattening  any 
class  of  farm  animals,  and  in  the  large  majority  of  cases  may  wisely 
form  a  part  of  the  grain  ration  of  young  animals.  Oats  are  an  extreme- 
ly valuable  food,  but,  one  year  with  another,  the  price  of  this  grain  is 
such  as  to  make  it  unprofitable  to  use  it  as  the  exclusive  or  chief  food 
for  farm  animals.  The  value  of  wheat  as  food  for  farm  stock,  is  not 
yet  fully  determined.  At  present  prices,  it  may  more  profitably  be  fed 
than  sold,  but  it  is  confidently  believed  that,  in  the  great  corn  growing 
region  of  the  state,  at  least,  it  cannot  be  so  cheaply  raised  as  can  an  equal 
food  value  in  Indian  corn.  The  stover  of  Indian  corn,  clover  hay, 
and  oat  straw,  with  possibly  soy  beans,  and  cow  peas,  and  in  excep- 
tional cases  millets  grown  as  catch  crops,  should  take  the  place  of  timo- 
thy or  other  ordinary  grass  hay,  in  horse,  cattle,  and  sheep  feeding. 

Under  conditions  available  for  most  Illinois  farmers,  it  is  impossible 
to  feed  stock  as  economically  during  either  winter  or  extreme  heat  of 


1894-]  STOCK    FEEDING    IN    ILLINOIS.  429 

summer,  as  in  the  spring  or  fall.  The  increased  price  secured,  may 
often  justify  feeding  during  the  winter.  Grain  feeding  during  the  sum- 
mer is  often  necessary  in  the  usual  cattle  feeding  system. 

Comparatively  simple  methods  of  feeding  are  as  yet  wisest  for  the 
average  stock  feeder.  This  applies  both  to  methods  of  shelter  and  car- 
ing for  the  animal,  and  to  the  preparation  of  the  food.  The  weight  of 
evidence,  both  by  general  practice  and  by  experiments  tried  elsewhere,  is 
so  strongly  against  the  profitableness  of  cooking  food,  under  ordinary 
conditions  in  Illinois,  that  no  experiments  in  this  line  have  been  tried  at 
this  Station. 

Grinding  grain  frequently  gives  a  profit.  This  is  especially  true 
where  the  small  grains  are  to  be  fed.  The  evidence  is  conclusive  that 
feeding  unground  wheat  to  either  cattle  or  hogs  is  a  wasteful  method,  as 
a  considerable  percentage  passes  through  the  animals  undigested.  If 
impracticable  to  grind  it,  soaking  is  advisable.  These  statements  also 
apply  to  rye  and  oats.  On  the  other  hand,  grinding  corn  to  be  fed 
either  to  fattening  cattle  or  to  hogs  is  not  generally  profitable  for  Illinois 
farmers.  In  a  majority  of  cases  the  animals  can  grind  it  more  cheaply 
than  can  the  farmer.  Crushing  the  corn,  especially  where  the  ears  are 
large,  more  generally  seems  profitable  in  cattle  feeding.  Soaking  the 
corn  when  fed  after  it  has  become  thoroughly  dry  is  believed  profitable. 
It  is  assumed  that  hogs  "follow  the  cattle"  when  they  are  fed  unground 
corn ;  otherwise  there  is  much  waste. 

Outdoor  feeding  of  cattle  is  more  profitable  in  good  weather  than 
is  stall  feeding.  It  is  not  so  clearly  proved  but  is  believed  that  good 
sheds  are  a  more  profitable  shelter  for  steers  than  the  stable. 

The  old  practice  of  keeping  a  cow  simply  to  rear  calves  is  no  longer 
profitable.  If  cattle  of  equal  quality  could  be  secured,  "stackers"  or 
"feeders"  could  be  more  profitably  bought  than  raised  by  central  Illinos 
feeders. 

The  direct  increase  of  weight  almost  never  repays  the  cost  of  full 
grain  feeding  of  cattle,  at  prices  which  have  prevailed  for  some  years 
past.  Profit  must  come,  if  at  all,  from  increase  of  value  of  the  whole 
carcass.  This  should  be  at  least  one  cent  a  pound.  The  value  of  the 
pork  made  from  the  offal  and  the  value  of  the  manure  must  also  be 
counted.  Grain  feeding  to  young  steers  on  good  pasture  is  not  believed 
to  be  directly  profitable  during  the  best  of  the  grazing  season,  but  in 
each  of  the  last  six  years  there  have  been  times  when  such  feeding  was 
profitable.  Some  experiments  indicate  that  it  is  more  profitable  to  give 
full  rather  than  partial  grain  rations  to  such  cattle.  In  each  of  six  years 
past  the  rate  of  gain  of  steers  even  with  abundance  of  grass  has  greatly 
lessened  on  the  approach  of  hot  weather,  generally  about  June  2Oth, 
and  the  full  rate  was  not  regained  until  September.  It  again  declined 
with  the  approach  of  cold  weather. 

Trials  for  six  years  indicate  that  an  acre  of  good  "blue  grass  past- 
ure" in  central  Illinois  will  support  a  steer  weighing  800  to  1000  Ibs. 


43°  BULLETIN    NO.    36. 

during  the  grazing  season,  but  not  allow  much,  if  any,  increase.  In  years 
of  summer  drouth  extra  feed  has  had  to  be  supplied.  Grain  fed  steers 
have  been  kept  on  one-third  less  acreage  in  about  the  same  condition. 

Experience  during  the  present  and  recent  dry  summers  strongly 
emphasizes  the  chief  weakness  of  blue  grass — its  almost  entire  failure  to 
grow  during  dry  weather.  Orchard  grass  has  been  found  best  of  the 
ordinary  grasses  in  this  respect,  but  the  common  red  clover  has  shown  its 
superiority  to  any  of  the  smaller  grasses  for  either  hay  or  grazing  in  dry 
years.  Highly  prized  as  are  the  old  blue  grass  pastures,  it  seems  clearly 
proved  that  a  greater  quantity  of  food  would  be  produced  by  putting 
them  under  a  rotation,  with  corn  and  clover  the  chief  crops.  This 
would  involve  more  labor,  but  in  present  conditions  would  give  better 
prospect  of  profits. 

There  is  constantly  increasing  evidence  of  the  great  value  of  corn 
stover  as  food  for  cattle,  sheep,  and  horses  and  that  it  may  wisely  be  substi- 
tuted for  a  large  part  of  the  timothy  hay  fed  farm  animals.  There  are 
practical  difficulties  in  saving  and  handling  it.  While  ensilage  is  largely 
fed  to  dairy  cows  it  is  little  used  for  fattening  cattle.  Experiments  at 
this  and  other  stations  show  that  the  largest  food  value  per  acre  is  pro- 
duced, in  ordinary  seasons,  by  planting  corn  more  thickly  than  is  the 
common  practice.  This  reduces  the  size  of  the  ears  and  thus  removes 
one  objection  to  feeding  ear  corn.  In  many  cases  it  is  better  to  feed  the 
corn  without  husking.  There  are  a  number  of  feed  cutters  which  sat- 
isfactorily cut  stalk  and  ear.  Shredding  the  stalks  is  preferable  to  cut- 
ting. The  cut  stover  or  fodder  may  be  safely  stored  in  barns  or  sheds 
in  dry  seasons,  but  there  is  danger  of  injury  if  the  weather  be  wet  so  as 
to  prevent  thorough  drying.  The  corn  may  be  shelled  and  the  stalks 
put  in  good  condition  for  feed  with  an  ordinary  threshing  machine. 

Several  trials  show  that  the  quantity  of  both  corn  and  stover  in- 
creases until  the  plant  is  quite  well  matured.  Early  cutting  involves  a 
loss.  Leaving  the  corn  uncut  until  fully  mature  increases  danger  of 
loss  by  storms,  the  blowing  of  leaves,  etc.  Exposure  in  the  fields  in 
shocks  very  perceptibly  lessens  the  value  of  the  stover.  Whatever  the 
method  of  preparation  or  class  of  stock  fed  it  is  rarely  wise  to  compel 
them  to  eat  all  the  stover  of  the  large  varieties  of  corn  mainly  grown  in 
Illinois.  Twenty  to  twenty-five  per  cent  need  not  be  considered  a  large 
amount  for  refuse,  which  may  be  used  for  litter  or  as  an  absorbent  of 
the  liquid  manure. 

No  more  rapid  or  satisfactory  gains  have  been  secured  in  cattle 
feeding  than  where  steers  have  been  fed  the  maturing  corn  in  the  past- 
ures in  September  and  October,  until  the  stalks  had  fully  matured,  they 
being  fed  with  the  ears. 

The  time  for  the  profitable  production  of  "baby  beef"  proper  has 
not  yet  come  in  Illinois.  Usually  steers  may  most  profitably  be  marketed 
when  between  two  and  three  years  old,  if  grown  by  the  feeder. 


1894-]  STOCK    FEEDING    IN    ILLINOIS.  431 

Hog  feeding  is  often  directly  profitable.  No  grain  has  been  found 
superior  to  corn  as  a  fattening  food  for  hogs.  In  a  majority  of  experi- 
ments tried,  a  rate  of  gain  of  over  10  Ib.  pork  to  one  bushel  of  corn  has 
been  gained.  Where  hogs  are  too  long  confined  to  a  corn  diet  alone, 
or  have  grown  very  fat,  or  are  fed  in  bad  weather,  the  rate  of  gain 
often  falls  far  below  this.  Wheat  has  not,  in  trials  at  the  Station,  been 
shown  better  than  corn,  pound  for  pound.  There  has  been  noticeable 
loss  when  fed  unground,  either  dry  or  soaked.  Pigs  have  preferred  the 
corn  when  this  has  been  fed  mixed  with  wheat. 

Grass  and  clover  are  highly  desirable  for  growing  pigs  and  in  early 
stages  of  fattening.  Their  value,  however,  seems  to  be  more  in  the 
way  of  maintaining  health  and  giving  pleasant  variety  of  food  than  in 
causing  direct  increase  in  weight.  It  is  not  profitable  to  compel  hogs  to 
make  grass  or  clover  their  only  food  at  any  stage  of  their  growth. 

The  evidence  in  favor  of  full  feeding  from  birth  to  time  of  slaugh- 
ter seems  more  conclusive  in  the  case  of  hogs  than  with  cattle.  The 
market  preference  as  to  age  and  weight  changes  frequently,  but  gen- 
erally it  is  not  desirable  to  keep  hogs  until  they  are  more  than  a  year 
old.  The  cheapest  gain  in  weight  is  usually  during  the  pleasant 
weather  in  autumn,  when  the  hogs  are  fed  on  new  crop  corn,  but  prices 
are  usually  lowest  at  this  season. 

Experience  at  the  Station  shows  that  it  is  often  better  to  sell  hogs 
in  small  lots  to  butchers  or  shippers  than  to  keep  the  entire  lot  until  all 
are  fully  fat.  In  some  cases  this  is  true  with  cattle.  Fully  fattened 
animals  are  kept  at  a  loss. 

G.  E.  MORROW,  A.  M., 

Agriculturist. 


433 


BULLETIN     NO.    36. 


[August, 


INDEX. 


Abies  excelsa 241 

Acer  dasycarpum 233 

Acer  saccharinum c 232 

Acid  test  of  cream,  an 389 

Ailanthus  glandulosus 215 

Ailanthus,  or  tree  of   heaven  (Ailan- 
thus glandulosus) 215 

Alkaline  tablets  for  testing  acidity  of 

cream 392,  399 

Apple  (Pyrus  malus) 216 

Varieties 74 

Ash,  green  (Fraxinus  viridis} 216 

Automatic  pipette  for  measuring  acid.  26 

Ayrshire  cows,  in  butter  test 18 

Babcock  milk  test,  manipulation  of . . .  245 

Basswood  ( Tilia  Americana) 232 

Beans,   varieties 75 

Blackberry,  tests  of  varieties 74,  321 

Varieties  described 322 

Crystal  white 324 

Early  cluster 324 

Early  harvest 324 

Early  king 324 

Erie 323 

Freed 324 

Jewett 325 

Kittatinny 324 

Lincoln 324 

Lovett's 324 

Lucretia 325 

Minnewaska 323 

Missouri  mammoth 323 

Snyder 322 

Wachusett  thornless 323 

Wilson,  jr.  and  Wilson's  early.  . ..  323 
Blackberry,  see  "Orange  rust." 

Black  walnut  (Juglans  nigra) 218 

Botanical  work  affecting  horticulture.  81 
Box  elder,  or  ash   leaved  maple  (Neg- 

nndo  aceroides') 219 

Brown's  Sons,  James  N 426 

Brown's  Swiss  cows 18 

Bur   oak,     over    cup,    or    mossy    cup 

(Qttercus  macro  car  pa)   234 

Burrill,  T.  J 81,  244,  301 

Butternut,   or  white   walnut   (Juglans 

cinerea) 220 

Butter  production,  see  "Milk  and  but- 
ter production." 

Butter  tests,  see  "Dairy  experiments;" 
"Dairy  cows." 


357 

358 


361 
359 
356 
353 


Carya  alba 226 

Gary  a  sulcata 226 

Castanea  vesca 224 

Catalpa  bignonioides 22 1 

Catalpa  hardy  (Catalpa  speciosa) 223 

Catalpa  speciosa 223 

Catalpa  tender  (Catalpa  bignonioides). .   221 

Cattle  feeding 426 

Chestnut  (Castanea  vesca) 224 

Chinch  bug  in  Illinois,  1891-92. ......     44 

In  southern  Illinois,  1894 397 

Clark,  Thomas. 427 

Clinton,   G.  P 295 

Corn  crossing 82,  179,  199,   359 

Methods  of 100 

Corn,  experiments.with 49,  173,   333 

Continuous  cropping  with  corn  con- 
trasted with  rotation  of  crops. . . . 

Corn  fodder,  effect  of  ripeness 

Corn    plant,    rate    of    growth    and 
chemical  composition  of  the, 

68,  200, 

Cross  fertilization 199, 

Depth  of  cultivation 66,  198, 

Depth  of  planting 194, 

Depth  of  plowing 65 

Effect  of  fertilizers 68 

Effect  of  removing  tassels 69,   201 

Effect  of  root-pruning 66,  198,   357 

Frequency  of  cultivation 197,   355 

Planting  in  hills  or  drills.  ...65,  197,   355 

Test  of  varieties 51,  176,   337 

Thickness  of  planting 62,  194,   353 

Time  of  planting 60,  191,   351 

Corn  seed,  loss  of  dry  matter   in,  by 

sprouting 

Cream,  see  "Acid  test  of." 

Cream   separation,    etc.,    see    "Dairy 

experiments,"  "Dairy  cows." 
Cross    fertilization     and     hybridizing 
77,  82,  179,  199, 

Dairy  experiments 9,  17,  137,  245, 

Composite  milk  samples  tested  for 

butter  fat 27 

Cream  raising  by  dilution 30 

Cream  separation,  test  of  methods. .     28 

Investigations  of  milk  tests 22 

Dairy  cows,  certified  tests  of 400 

Dairy  cows,  tests  of,   at  Illinois  State 

Fair 18 

At  American  Dairy  Show 18 


380 


359 
389 


i894.] 


INDEX. 


433 


Devon  cow,  butter  test  of 18 

Elm,      American     or    white     (Ulmus 

Americana) 225 

Farrington,  E.  H. 

16,  32,  171,  248,  381,  394,  400 

Feeders' ,  notes  by 426 

Feeding      experiments,      conclusions 

from 427 

Fertilizers  applied  to  corn 68 

Fertilizers  applied   to  wheat   (at   the 

Station) 6,   109 

In  southern  Illinois 7,   no 

Forbes,  S.  A 48,  399 

Forest  tree  plantation 205 

Cultivation  trimming  and  thinning.   209 

Methods  of  planting 208 

Varieties  of  trees  in 208 

Histories  of — 

Ailanthus,    or    tree  of    heaven 

(Ailanthus  glandulosus) 215 

Apple  (Pyrus  malus) 216 

Ash,  green  (Fraxinus  viridis).. .  216 
Basswood  (  Tilia  Americana}..,  232 
Black  walnut  (Juglans  nigra).. .  218 
Box  elder  or  ash  leaved  maple 

(Negundo  acer aides) 219 

Bur  oak,  over  cup,  or  mossy  cup 

(Quercus  macrocarpa) 234 

Butternut     or     white     walnut 

(Juglans  cinerea) 220 

Catalpa,  hardy  (Catalpa  speciosa)  223 
Catalpa,  tender  (Catalpa  bignon- 

ioides) 221 

Chestnut  (Castanea  vesca) 224 

Elm,  American  or  white  (Ulmus 

Americana) 225 

Hickory,    shell-bark    or    shag- 
bark  (Gary a  alba) . . . .   226 

Hickory,  big  shell-bark  or  king 

nut  (Carya  sulcata) 226 

Honey  locust,  or  three-thorned 
accacia    (Gleditschia    triacan- 

thos) 227 

Larch,   European  (Larix  Euro- 

paed) 227 

Maple,     sugar,   rock,    or    hard 

(Acer   saccharinum) 232 

Maple,    white,   silver,     or  soft 

(Acer  dasycarpum) 233 

Norway  spruce  (Abies  excelsa). .  241 
Osage  orange  (Madura  auran- 

*"a) 235 

Pine,    Austrian    (Finns    Austri- 

aca) 236 

Pine,  Scotch  (Pinus  sylvestris). .   237 

Pine,  white  (Pinus  strobus) 238 

Red    cedar    (Jtmiperus    Virgin- 
tana) 224 

White  willow  (Salix  alba) 242 

Fraxinus  viridis 216 

Fungicides 80 

Gardner,  F.  D..44, 71, 120, 136,  203,  360,   388 

Gleditschia  triacanthos   , 227 

Grafting,  see  "Root  grafting." 


Grape,  a  disease  of 268 

Methods  of  cultivation 79 

Of  training 270 

Tests  of  varieties 74,  249 

Varieties  described — 

Agawan 257 

Albert 258 

A  Iphonse 262 

Amber  queen 258 

Aminia 252 

August  giant 252 

Bacchus 252 

Barbara 262 

Barry 252 

Beagle 258 

Beauty 258 

Bell 263 

Brighton 258 

Brilliant 259 

Cambridge 253 

Campbell 263 

Centennial 263 

Challenge 259 

Champion 253 

Concord 253 

Conqueror 253 

Cottage 253 

Cynthia 253 

Delaware 259 

Diana 259 

Dinkel 259 

Dracut  amber 259 

Duchess 263 

Early  market 253 

Early  victor 254 

Eaton 254 

Eldorado 263 

Elvira 263 

Empire  State 263 

Essex ^ 254 

Etta % 263 

Eumelan > 254 

Faith 263 

F.  B.  Hayes 264 

Gaertner 254 

Goethe 260 

Gold  coin 264 

Golden  gem 264 

Green  Mountain 264 

Grein's  golden 264 

Hartford 254 

Herbert 260 

Huber's  No.  12 255 

lona 260 

Iron  clad 254 

Isabella 255 

Ives  seedling 255 

A.  Warder 257 

efferson 260 

essica 264 

ewel 255 

^ady 264 

Lady  Washington 265 

Lindley 260 


434 


BULLETIN    NO.    36. 


[August, 


PAGE 

Lyon  260 

Marion 255 

Martha 265 

Mason' s  seedling 265 

Massasoit 260 

Mills 255 

Missouri  Reisling 265 

Montefiore 256 

Moore's  diamond 265 

Moore's  early 256 

Moyer 261 

New  Haven 256 

Niagara 265 

Noah 265 

Norfolk 261 

Norton's  Virginia 256 

Norwood 256 

Oneida 261 

Oriental 256 

Pearl 266 

Peter  Wylie > 263 

Perkins 261 

Pocklington 266 

Postoak  grape 257 

Prentiss 266 

Rochester 261 

Ruby 261 

Salem 261 

Transparent 266 

Triumph 266 

Uhland 266 

Ulster  prolific 262 

Vergennes 262 

Victoria 257 

White  Hall 257 

Wilder 257 

Winchell 266 

Woodruff  red 262 

Wyoming  red 262 

Henderson,  J.  P. 

Hickory,  big   shell-bark   or   king   nut 

( Gary  a  sulcata) 226 

Hickory,      shell-bark     or     shag-bark 

(Carya  alba} 226 

Hog  feeding 

Holstein-Friesian cows,  butter  test  of.      18 
Honey  locust,  or  three-thorned  accacia 

(Gleditschia  triacanthos] 227 

Horticulture,  a  general  report 73 

Hybridizing,  see  "Cross  fertilizing." 

Jersey  cows,  butter  test  of 18 

Juglans  drier  a 220 

Jziglans  nigra 218 

Juniperus  Virginiana 224 

Larch,  European  (Larix  Europaea).  . .   227 

Larix  Europaea 227 

Lash,  F.  0 427 

Late  season  and  the  corn  crop,  1892. .    103 
Lye,    concentrated,    used    in    tests    of 

composite  samples  of  milk 27 

McCluer,  G.  W 

81,    101,102,244,270,272,  331 

Madura  aurantica 235 


Maple,    sugar,    rock,     or    hard    (Acer 

saccharinum) 232 

Maple,    white,   silver,     or    soft    (Acer 

dasycarputn) 233 

Meteorological  records 418 

Milk  and  butter  production,  daily  vari- 
ation    9 

Milk  tests,  investigations  of 22 

Milk  tests,  see  "Dairy   experiments;" 
"Dairy  cows." 

Milk,  variations  in 137 

Effect  upon  of  changes   in   feed  of 

cows 161 

Morrow,  G  E 

9,  44,   71,    103  120,   136,  203,  360, 

388,  400,  411,  417,  419,  431 

Native  fruits,  improvement  of 78 

Negundo  acer aides ».. .  219 

New  factor  in  economic  agriculture. .  301 

Nitrogen,  free,  utilized  by  plants 301 

Norway  Spruce  (Abies  excelsa] 241 

Oats,  experiments  with.  ..33,  121,  382,  412 

Compact  or  loose  seed  bed 124 

Depth  of  sowing 35,  127,  386 

Effect  of  time  and   manner  of   har- 
vesting   on    yield    and    chemical 

composition 134,  386 

Quantity  of  seed  per  acre, .  .35,   123,  383 

Testing  varieties 36,  128 

Time  of  sowing 125,  383 

Orange  rust  of   raspberry  and  black- 
berry   273 

Osage  orange  (Madura  aurantica] 235 

Peach  tree,  winter  protection  of 76 

Perry,  James  A. 426 

Pine,  Austrian  (Pinus  Austriaca} 236 

Pine,  Scotch  (Pinus  syhestris) 237 

Pine,  white  (Pinus  strobus) 238 

Pinus  Attstriaca 239 

Pinus  strobtts 238 

Pinus  sylvestris 237 

Protection  of  the  trunks  of  trees 76 

Pumpkins  and  squashes,  varieties. ...  75 

Pyrus  mains 216 

Quercus  macrocarpa 234 

Raspberry,  methods  of  cultivation. 79,  329 

Varieties 74,  325 

American  black 326 

Brandywine 327 

Carman 326 

Caroline 327 

Clarke 327 

Crimson  beauty 327 

Conrath's  early 326 

Cuthbert 327 

Early  pride 328 

Golden  queen 328 

Gregg 326 

Hansell 328 

Herstine 328 

Hilborn 326 

Hornet 328 

Hudson  River  Antwerp 328 


1894.] 


INDEX. 


435 


Johnson's  sweet. 326 

Kansas 327 

Lovett 327 

Mammoth  cluster 327 

Marlboro 328 

Muskingum 328 

Nemaha 326 

Palmer,  acme  Palmer 327 

Philadelphia 328 

Progress 327 

Rancocos 328 

Reliance 328 

Shaffer's 328 

Springfield 327 

Stayman's  No.  5 329 

Turner 329 

Raspberry,  see  "Orange  rust." 

Red  cedar  (Junipenis  Virginiana] 224 

Rhizobium 302 

Root  grafting,  whole  and  piece 80 

Russian  thistle  in  Illinois 421 

Salix  alba 242 

Schneider,  Albert 315 

Sheep  feeding 425 

Shorthorn  cows,  butter,  tests  of 18 


Southern  Illinois,    wheat  experiments 

in 7,   IIO 

Squashes,     see     "Pumpkins    and 

squashes. 
Stock  feeders,  practice  of  in  Illinois. .   426 

Stock  feeding  in  Illinois 425 

Sweet  corn,  thickness  of  planting,  1891,   101 

Symbiosis 301 

Test  bottles,  marking 26 

Thistle,  Russian, see  "Russian  thistle." 

Thornburg,  Thomas  N 427 

Tilia  Americana 232 

Ulmus  Americana 225 

Wheat,  experiments  with i,  105,  401 

Effect  of  fertilizers,  at  Station 6,  109 

In  southern  Illinois 7,    no 

Effect  of  time  and  manner  of  har- 
vesting on  yield 119 

Depth  of  sowing 6,  109 

Quantity  of  seed 2,  107,  411 

Test  of  varieties 9,  112,  402 

Time  of  sowing 4,   108 

White  willow  (Salix  alba) 242 

Whitsitt,  Benjamin 

Winter    protection     of     peach   trees, 
see  "Peach  trees." 


All  communications  intended  for  the  Station  should  be  addressed, 
not  to  any  person ,  but  to  the 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION,  URBANA,  ILLINOIS. 

The  bulletins  of  the  Experiment  Station  will  be  sent  free  of  all 
charges  to  persons  engaged  in  farming  who  may  request  that  they 
be  sent. 


BULLETIN    NO.    36.  \AugUSt ',    1894, 


ORGANIZATION. 


BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS. 

NELSON  W.  GRAHAM,  Carbondale,  President. 
JOHN  P.  ALTGELD,  Springfield,  Governor  of  Illinois. 
DAVID  GORE,   Springfield,  President  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 
HENRY  RAAB,  Springfield,  Superintendent  Public  Instruction. 
FRANCIS  M.  McKAY,  Chicago.  ALEXANDER  McLEAN,  Macomb. 

SAMUEL  A.  BULLARD,  Springfield.  RICHARD  P.  MORGAN,  Dwight. 

JOHN  H.  BRYANT,  Princeton.  NAPOLEON  B.  MORRISON,  Odin. 

JAMES  E.  ARMSTRONG,  Chicago.  ISAAC  S.  RAYMOND,  Sidney. 

ANDREW  S.  DRAPER,  LL.D.,  President  of  the  University. 

BOARD  OF  DIRECTION  OF  THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

*GEORGE  E.  MORROW,  A.M.,  Champaign,  Professor  of  Agriculture,   President. 
E.  E.  CHESTER,  Champaign,  of  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 

E.  A.  RIEHL,  Alton,  of  State  Horticultural  Society. 
H.  B.  GURLER,  DeKalb,  of  State  Dairymen's  Association. 

N.  B.  MORRISON,  Odin,  Trustee  of  the  University. 
ISAAC  S.  RAYMOND,  Sidney,  Trustee  of  the  University. 

*THOMAS  J.  BURRILL,    PH.D.,  Urbana,  Professor  of  Botany  and  Horticulture. 
STEPHEN  A.  FORBES,  PH.D.,  Urbana,  Professor  of  Zoology. 

THE  STATION  STAFF. 

*GEORGE  E.  MORROW,  A.M.,  Agriculturist,  President  of  Board  of  Direction. 

WILLIAM  L.  PILLSBURY,  A.M.,  Urbana,  Secretary. 

THOMAS  J.  BURRILL,  PH.D.,  Horticulturist  and  Botanist. 

STEPHEN  A.  FORBES,  PH.D.,  Consulting  Entomologist. 

DONALD  McINTOSH,  V.S.,  Consulting  Veterinarian. 
GEORGE  W.  McCLUER,  M.S.,  Assistant  Horticulturist. 

GEORGE  P.  CLINTON,  M.S.,  Assistant  Botanist. 

FRANK  D.  GARDNER,  B.S.,  Assistant  Agriculturist. 

WILL  A.  POWERS,  B.S.,  Assistant  Chemist. 


*Professor  Morrow  has  resigned  both  the  presidency  of  the  Board  of  Direction  and  his  position 
as  agriculturist  of  the  Station.  Professor  Burrill  succeeds  him  as  President  of  the  Board  of 
Direction  after  September  ist. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 

Q.630  7IL6B  C002 

BULLETIN.  URBANA 
17-36  1891-94 


30112019529053 


